The Mara

The Mara is a wraithlike female dream demon, known to mankind since the Dark Ages (Viking times), if not before then. She appears in the Old Norse Sagas, but the belief itself may be even older. The word mara can be traced back to an Indo-European word, meaning "harm." This evil spirit also gave rise to the word nachtmara, which of course is German for "nightmare." In the Norwegian language, mareritt and mareridt (meaning "mare dream" or "mare ride") are two words for nightmare. These creatures steal into the bedrooms of sleeping humans at night, sitting on the chests of their victims. The spirit then gradually becomes heavier and heavier, slowly suffocating the victim. The Mara (which also means "mare," as in a horse) is thought to literally ride its victim like a horse. Sometimes, the Mara even kills her victims, thus absorbing their lifeforce. The experience is terrifying in and of itself, and this is how the Mara feeds. She feeds on the resulting fear and the lifeforce of the victim, bring nightmares to her prey.

The Mara also torments horses, riding the animals all night long. The next morning, the horse is found to be distressed and completely exhausted, and covered in sweat. Sometimes, the horse dies after carrying it's owner home. In some tales, the Mara has a truly bizarre habit of riding trees, resulting in the branches becoming tangled up. In Sweden, a species of pine tree that grows on the rocky coasts or wet ground is known as martallar, or "mare pines", because of it's twisted features.

According to Scandinavian folk beliefs, the roaming spirits (or astral bodies) of sleeping women are likely to become a Mara, due to the person's own inherent wickedness or as the result of a sorcerer's or a witch's curse. In the case of a curse, one must find out who the Mara is. Once that is done, one must say "You are a Mara" three times. This is thought to be potent enough to release the woman's soul from the curse.

In Poland, the Mara is known as the Nocnista. She is a night-hag that causes children to have nightmares, unless deterred by the presence of iron. In other Slavic countries, the Mara is called the Kikimora. She is an evil spirits that induces bad dreams in it's victims. According to legend, the Kikimora is said to be the unhappy soul of a girl who had died without being baptized. This spirit is able to change her form, becoming a moth or a wisp of hair that lands on a sleeping victim's lips, causing symptoms similar to those produced by the Mara's predations. Salt will keep her at bay, and potential victims are known to fill the keyholes of their bedroom doors with beeswax to keep the Mara out.

Sources

Cheung, Theresa. The Element Encyclopedia of Ghosts & Hauntings. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc., by arrangement with HarperCollins Publishers. Copyright ©Theresa Cheung 2006.

Illes, Judika. Encyclopedia of Spirits: The Ultimate Guide to the Magic of Fairies, Genies, Demons, Ghosts, Gods & Goddesses. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. Copyright ©2009 by Judika Illes.

The Ijiraat

According to Inuit mythology, the Ijiraat are spirits of the earth and shapeshifters. They are very elusive, and can transform themselves into any kind of arctic animal in order to conceal themselves from humans. They are known to take the form of a wolf, a bear, a raven, or even a person. However, the eyes of these creatures remain a creepy red color. Whether these spirits take human or animal form, their eyes remain the same. These creatures are perfectly adapted for moving through the frozen landscape both quickly and easily. They are known for catching the natives off guard almost constantly.

The Ijiraat are usually portrayed as being malicious or even evil in most stories, and often lie in wait for travelers. Then, they change forms to get close enough to the travelers so that they may (presumably) kill and devour them. Some say that they are committed to killing any Inuit they come across.

 

Some Inuit elders say that these land spirits are not evil or even malicious, but are instead misunderstood. One warned that the spirits are surrounded by mirages or illusions, and when distant mountains or even islands appear to be closer than they actually are, the Ijiraat might be close by. Others believe that these spirits appear in order to bring messages to travelers, warning them of danger or trouble to come.

 

Regardless of the many interpretations of the Ijiraat, one common theme among those who encounter these spirits seems to be that those people experience sudden memory loss. In other words, they quickly forget what happened. If one encounters an Ijiraat, he should write down the experience as soon as possible (and quickly, too). Also, speaking to as many people as possible about the encounter seems to work as well.

 

Sources

Inuit Myths & Legends: Ijiraat

Inuit Mythology: Mahaha, Tuniit, and Other Creatures